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- $Unique_ID{BRK04043}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome}
- $Subject{Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Heat Stroke Tardive Dyskinesia
- Malignant Hyperthermia Anaphylaxis}
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 763:
- Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible that the main title of the article (Neuroleptic Malignant
- Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to
- find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Heat Stroke
- Tardive Dyskinesia
- Malignant Hyperthermia
- Anaphylaxis
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
- Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome is a potentially fatal reaction to any of
- a group of antipsychotic drugs or major tranquilizers (neuroleptics). These
- drugs are commonly prescribed for the treatment of schizophrenia and other
- neurological, mental or emotional disorders. Phenothiazines are one type of
- neuroleptic and may occasionally be prescribed as a treatment for nausea and
- vomiting. Several of the most commonly prescribed neuroleptics include
- thioridazine, haloperidol, chlorpromazine, fluphenazine and perphenazine.
-
- Major tranquilizers or neuroleptics have a strong effect on thought
- disturbances associated with paranoid thinking, delusions, anxiety and
- agitation. Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome occurs when a person taking these
- drugs reacts with a high fever and other heart, respiratory and muscle
- symptoms which is a side effect of these drugs.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Symptoms of Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome may include very high fever (102
- to 104 degrees F), irregular pulse, accelerated heartbeat (tachycardia),
- increased rate of respiration (tachypnea), muscle rigidity, altered mental
- status, autonomic nervous system dysfunction, high or low blood pressure,
- seizures, tremors and profuse perspiration. Respiratory failure may occur as
- the result of infection, shock or aspiration. Other symptoms may include
- liver or kidney failure, abnormally high potassium levels (hyperkalemia),
- major destruction of skeletal muscle tissue (rhabdomyolysis) or blood clots
- in veins and arteries.
-
- Causes
-
- The exact cause of Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome is not known. Scientists
- believe that the disorder may be due to a major disturbance of the mechanism
- that controls normal body temperature. This disturbance may occur when
- phenothiazines block transmission of the brain chemical (neurotransmitter)
- dopamine, or when the drug interferes with other neurotransmitters in the
- brain. This disorder may also be related to Malignant Hyperthermia, a
- genetic disorder characterized by an abnormal reaction to anesthesia drugs.
- (See related disorders section for more information about Malignant
- Hyperthermia.)
-
- Affected Population
-
- Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome may affect any individual who is taking
- phenothiazines. Men appear to be at higher risk than women. Scientists
- believe that the drugs most commonly involved are the stronger neuroleptic
- medications including major tranquilizers such as haloperidol, fluphenazine,
- trifluoperazine and perphenazine.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Neuroleptic
- Malignant Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
-
- Heat Stroke is a very serious condition characterized by an abrupt and
- rapid increase in body temperature which may reach as high as 104 to 106
- degrees F. Heat stroke usually results from exposure to an extremely hot
- environment. The skin may become hot, flushed and dry. Rapid loss of fluids
- may result in the inability to sweat. Sweating is necessary to cool the
- body. Sweating is necessary to cool the body. There may also be an increase
- in pulse rate and respiration. The affected individual may become
- disoriented and eventually experience convulsions or slip into
- unconsciousness. Measures such as wrapping the individual in cold, wet
- sheets should be taken immediately to lower body temperature. An individual
- suffering from heat stroke should be hospitalized as quickly as possible.
- (For more information on this disorder, choose "Hyperthermia" as your search
- term in the Rare Disease Database.)
-
- Malignant Hyperthermia is a genetic disorder characterized by an abnormal
- response to muscle relaxants and general anesthesia drugs. Symptoms of
- Malignant Hyperthermia are apparent only after the patient has been placed
- under general anesthesia. Along with rapidly elevating body temperature
- which may rise as high as 110 degrees, muscle rigidity and/or muscle
- twitching occurs. The patient may also exhibit a very rapid and irregular
- heartbeat, abnormally low blood pressure, sickly sweet breath, headache,
- nausea and vomiting. It is not known whether Neuroleptic Malignant
- Hyperthermia is a variant form of Malignant Hyperthermia, but some
- researchers have suggested that these disorders may be related. (For more
- information on this disorder, choose "Malignant Hyperthermia" as your search
- term in the Rare Disease Database.)
-
- Anaphylaxis is an abnormally severe allergic reaction to a substance.
- Major symptoms may include severe itching, hives, flushing, swelling,
- vomiting, diarrhea, difficulty breathing and unconsciousness. High fever is
- not a symptom of this disorder. (For more information on this disorder,
- choose "Anaphylaxis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
-
- The following disorder may be associated with the extended use of
- neuroleptic drugs. It is not necessary for a differential diagnosis:
-
- Tardive Dyskinesia is a disorder which results from the long-term use of
- neuroleptic drugs and is characterized by involuntary and abnormal movements
- of the jaw, lips and tongue. Typical symptoms include grimacing, sticking
- out the tongue, and sucking or fishlike movements of the mouth. A high
- percentage of schizophrenic people who have spent long periods of time in
- mental hospitals taking neuroleptic drugs, have a high risk of developing
- Tardive Dyskinesia. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Tardive
- Dyskinesia" for your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Treatment of Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome consists of withdrawal of
- neuroleptic medications under a doctor's supervision, prompt and intensive
- care with adequate hydration and nutrition, and immediate measures to lower
- body temperature. Medications prescribed as treatment may include
- dantrolene, bromocriptine, amantadine, cogentin or diazepam. Secondary
- complications such as decreased alkalinity of the blood and tissues
- (acidosis), a deficiency of oxygen reaching the tissues (hypoxia), and kidney
- (renal) insufficiency must be treated independently. Once patients have
- recovered from Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome, they are sometimes slowly and
- cautiously reintroduced to other neuroleptic medications. The patient must
- be carefully monitored as reoccurrences of Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
- have been reported.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through July
- 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every
- entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please
- check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current
- information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- National Mental Health Association
- 1021 Prince St.
- Alexandria, VA 22314
-
- National Alliance for the Mentally Ill
- 1901 N. Ft. Meyer Dr., Suite 500
- Arlington, VA 22209
- (703) 514-7600
-
- National Mental Health Consumer Self-Help Clearinghouse
- 311 S. Juniper St., Rm. 902
- Philadelphia, PA 19107
- (215) 735-2481
-
- NIH/National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20205
- (301) 443-4515 or (301) 496-1752
- (800) 421-4211 (24 hrs.)
-
- Malignant Hyperthermia Association of the U.S.
- Box 3231
- Darien, CT. 06820
-
- References
-
- THE MERCK MANUAL, Volume 1, 14th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D., ed.-in-chief;
- Merck Sharp & Dohme Laboratories, 1982. Pp. 2489-2490.
-
- RECURRENCE OF NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME. V.L. Susman et al.; J NERV
- MENT DIS (April, 1988: issue 176 (4)). Pp. 234-241.
-
- PATIENTS WITH NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME HISTORIES: WHAT HAPPENS
- WHEN THEY ARE HOSPITALIZED? A.J. Gelenberg et al.; J CLIN PSYCHIATRY (May,
- 1989: issue 50 (5)). Pp. 18-25.
-
- CLINICAL DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN LETHAL CATATONIA AND NEUROLEPTIC
- MALIGNANT SYNDROME. E. Castillo et al.; AM J PAYCHIATRY (March, 1989: issue
- 146 (3)). Pp. 324-328.
-
-